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Increases Exercise Capacity:
Animals
received 1 mg kg(-1) of (-)-epicatechin or water (vehicle) via oral
gavage (twice daily). Exercise groups underwent 15 days of treadmill
exercise. Significant increases in treadmill performance (~50%) and
enhanced in situ muscle fatigue resistance (~30%) were observed with
(-)-epicatechin.
Trained mice were given epicatechin twice a day and the other half were given water. At the end of the 14-day detraining period, the mice that had been given (-)-epicatechin had retained much of the condition they had built up previously. When the researchers got the animals to run to the point of exhaustion, the mice that had been given (-)-epicatechin were faster, were able to keep running for longer and therefore also covered a greater distance.
Data suggest that (-)-epicatechin may be a suitable compound to maintain exercise-induced improved capillarity and mitochondrial capacity, even when exercise regimens are discontinued.
Trained mice were given epicatechin twice a day and the other half were given water. At the end of the 14-day detraining period, the mice that had been given (-)-epicatechin had retained much of the condition they had built up previously. When the researchers got the animals to run to the point of exhaustion, the mice that had been given (-)-epicatechin were faster, were able to keep running for longer and therefore also covered a greater distance.
Data suggest that (-)-epicatechin may be a suitable compound to maintain exercise-induced improved capillarity and mitochondrial capacity, even when exercise regimens are discontinued.
Increases Strength:
Treatment for 7 days with (-)-epicatechin increases hand grip strength approx 7%.
Increased Angiogenesis:
In
animal studies, the flavanol (-)-epicatechin (Epi) yields
cardioprotection. The effects may be partly due to its capacity to
stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS).
Epi and/or Ex (by treadmill) was provided for 15 days. Results indicate that Ex or Epi significantly stimulate myocardial angiogenesis by ~30% above control levels. The use of Epi-Ex lead to further significant increases (to ~50%). Effects were associated with increases in protein levels and/or activation of canonical angiogenesis pathway associated events.
Increased bloodflow and oxygen transport.
Epi and/or Ex (by treadmill) was provided for 15 days. Results indicate that Ex or Epi significantly stimulate myocardial angiogenesis by ~30% above control levels. The use of Epi-Ex lead to further significant increases (to ~50%). Effects were associated with increases in protein levels and/or activation of canonical angiogenesis pathway associated events.
Increased bloodflow and oxygen transport.
Reduces Inflammation & LDL Cholesterol:
Epicatechin
treatment caused changes in diabetic mice that are associated with a
healthier and longer lifespan, including improved skeletal muscle stress
output, reduced systematic inflammation markers and serum LDL
cholesterol
Reduced Myostatin:
(-)-Epicatechin
decreases myostatin and ß-galactosidase and increases levels of markers
of muscle growth. "Various induced or natural conditions leading to
myostatin deficiency result in increased muscle mass and strength in
normal animals." Two recent studies, performed in mouse models of cancer
cachexia, have examined the effects of myostatin inhibitors on physical
performance and muscle function, building on previous data that showed
positive effects on muscle mass.Mice with Lewis Lung carcinoma treated
with ActRIIB-Fc (Fig. 1), a soluble myostatin receptor that binds
myostatin, activin and other ligands, showed increases in body weight
and muscle weights with grip strength significantly increased and
resting time significantly decreased by treatment [32[filled square]]. A
myostatin antibody in the same model was able to completely abrogate
the tumor-induced reduction in total muscle force in various limb and
diaphragm muscles [33[filled square]]. The results of these recent
studies are encouraging as the value of myostatin inhibitors to cancer
patients exhibiting muscle wasting is ultimately to affect functional
performance through increased muscle function.
"Other animal models of muscle wasting have been used to determine if inhibition of myostatin has therapeutic potential
in treating a range of muscle wasting conditions. Positive results have
been reported in models of chronic kidney disease, disuse atrophy and
age and hypogonadism-induced muscle loss."
This means that potentially the employment of
(-)-epicatechin/Follidrone during or shortly after PCT may help mitigate
loss of gains associated with low testosterone levels during PCT.
Increased follistatin:
Follistatin
increases muscle gain by reducing both myostatin and activin. May help
to reduce loss of gains during PCT and beyond.
References:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24314870
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22179525
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21788351
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23144313
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21525262
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22833114
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24314870
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22179525
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21788351
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23144313
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21525262
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22833114
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24314870
These
statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.
This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any
disease.
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